Study of cognitive function and 1H-MRS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and cerebral metabolic changes measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Eighty-four cases of patients with type 2 diabetes and controls were matched 1∶1 for research. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA) were used for assessment. STEAM 1H-MRS was performed in the left hippocampus and left basal ganglia on 3.0 T MR. Metabolic peaks of N-acetylasparte(NAA), creatine(Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), myo-inositol (mI)and glutamate complex-α (Glx-α) were analyzed. We studied the correlation between the metabolic peak areas and the sub-scale indicators of MOCA in those patients. Enumeration data between the type 2 diabetes group and the control group were assessed by Wilcoxon test. Results In both MMSE and MOCA, the scores in type 2 diabetes group (median(interquartile range) are 26.00(5.00) and 19.50(7.00)) were significant lower than those in control group (29.00(3.00) and 23.50(5.00), P 0.05). The following parameters demonstrated close relationship with the peak area of Cr in the left hippocampus of patients with type 2 diabetes: execute and vision score (r=-0.219, P=0.031), language score (r=-0.239, P=0.018) and memory score (r=-0.268, P=0.009). Conclusions Type 2 diabetes mellitus may damage the cognitive function. The metabolic abnormalities exist in the left hippocampus of patients with type 2 diabetes. The close relationships exist between the peak area of Cr and the cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Magnetic resonance spectrum; Cognitive function
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".