Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stroke is the most important cause of death and disability in China, and most strokes (~80-90%) are preventable. Recent advances in a number of measures to reduce stroke are discussed in this narrative review, including smoking cessation, a Mediterranean pattern of eating, salt restriction, B vitamins to lower homocysteine, antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants and the management of patent foramen ovale and carotid stenosis. Lowering of homocysteine with B vitamins does prevent stroke, but patients with variants of MTHFR require higher doses of folic acid, and because of harm from cyanocobalamin among persons with renal impairment, we should use methylcobalamin or oxocobalamin instead. Aspirin resistance appears to be due to enteric coating, and ＞ 50% of Chinese have a reduced response to clopidogrel because of variants of CYP2C19, required to convert the prodrug to its active form. Direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have revolutionized anticoagulation; important differences among the DOACs are discussed. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) does reduce the risk of stroke, but in most patients with stroke and PFO the PFO is incidental; it is important to identify the subgroup in whom paradoxical embolism was the probable cause of the stroke. Some patients with PFO would be better treated with anticoagulants because of the risk of pulmonary embolism. Carotid stenting carries a higher risk in older patients, and most patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis would be better treated with intensive medical therapy than with either stenting or endarterectomy; the few who could benefit can be identified.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".