Association of serum ghrelin level with cognition, hippocampal volume, and proton magnetic resonance spectrum in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association of serum ghrelin level with cognition, hippocampal volume, and proton magnetic resonance spectrum ([1H]-MRS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods The T2DM patients cared at the Wuhan Fourth Hospital were recruited. Data on demographic characteristics and clinical parameters were collected. Ghrelin was measured by ELISA assay. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The changes of metabolites in hippocampus were detected by [1H]-MRS, including N-acetyl asparate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (MI), creatine (Cr). All patients were divided into 2 groups[cognitive impairment (CI) and non-cognitive impairment (NCI) groups] by MoCA. Results (1) Compared with patients in NCI group, the serum ghrelin level, bilateral hippocampal volume, and NAA/Cr ratio of [1H]-MRS metabolites in CI group were decreased, but MI/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were increased(all P<0.05). (2) Serum ghrelin was positively correlated with a variety of RBANS scores (including immediate memory, attention, delayed memory, and total scores), bilateral hippocampal volume, and NAA/Cr ratio of [1H]-MRS metabolites in T2DM patients, but it was negatively correlated with MI/Cr ratio and Cho/Cr ratio (all P<0.05). (3) Logistic regression analysis showed that ghrelin was a protective factor of cognition in T2DM patients. Conclusions T2DM patients with cognitive impairment had lower levels of ghrelin, and serum ghrelin was postively correlated with their cognitive performance, hippocampal volume, and [1H]-MRS metabolites, suggesting that serum ghrelin may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 34: 649-654) Key words: Ghrelin; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Cognition; Hippocampal volume; Proton magnetic resonance spectrum
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".