Ridge Gap Waveguide Wideband Hybrid Directional Coupler for Ka-Band Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fifth generation (5G) is the next wireless mobile communication technology that targets to provide huge capac-ity, low latency and high data speeds. Like any new wireless technology, 5G requires the development of exciting techniques, where access to high frequency spectrum can achieve the desired characteristics. In addition, new systems must be developed and designed using wide bandwidth microwave components, which should be implemented with modern and efficient guiding structures. Among all the microwave components, directional coupler is essential device as it can be used to realize many subsystems such as beamforming networks. In order to keep up with the huge changes in future technologies, couplers still requires noticeable improvement, where wide bandwidth and low loss should be achieved throughout using modern guiding technology such as Ridge Gap Waveguide (RGW). In this paper, a design of ultra-wideband 3 dB quadrature hybrid directional coupler using RGW technology is introduced. The proposed coupler has a compact size of 1.58 λ×1.4λ and achieves a relative bandwidth of 44.7% at 33.5 GHz, which cover the whole ka-band. In addition, a stable 90° phase difference between the coupling and transmission coefficients is obtained over the whole frequency band.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".