Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Binding Force of an Offer in Civil Law (A) The Irrevocable Offer and Unilateral Declaration of Will as Sources of Obligation (B) The C-oncept of Unilateral Contract Civil Law Analysis of Construction Bidding Cases (C) Offer-Acceptance and Detimental Reliance: Two Different Approaches to Contract Formation (5) The Future of Detrimenal Reliance in Civil Law 127 (A) (B) Derimental Reliance: The Code and the Restatement 137 Reasonableness of Reliance on a Gratuitous Promise Made Without the Requhed Formalities 139 Detrimental Reliance: A C-ontracoal or Non-Contractual Source of Obliguion: The Relationship Benveen (c) Cause and Detrimental Reliance (D) Equity, Certainty and Detrimental Reliance Conclusion 142 t47 149 tern [estoppel] from the old French estoupail, meaning a bung; and it indicates that in such a case one's mouth is plugged against the flow of truth.')Different termhological equivalents are used to expresc the same idea of estoppel, such as "preclusion," "foreclosure," and 'bar."See, e.g., J. RANKINE" THE LAW OF PERSONAL BAR IN SCoTLAND 1 (1921).2It hr" been obs€rved ttrat thc t€rm "esloppel" has dropped out of the modern French vocabulrry.Sec J. DAWSON, CIFTS AND PROMISES 90 (1978).The French p'rinciple of "fin de non-recevoir," which roughly translates as "a bar to the reception of a specific plea'" may, however, serve some of the functions of estoppel.For comparison of the two principles, see Wassermarl The Doctrirc of Fins De Non-Recevoir in Quebec Lan (with a Comparative Analysis of the English Docrine of Estoppel), 34 cAN.B. REV.641 (1956).It has also been observed that Latin American law does not know the doctrine of estop'pel.In this regard, Eder states: Another principle of equity jurisprudence, of great practical importance, is estoppel.As far as I am aware, there is nothing equivalent in Latin-American law.The word "estoppel" has the sarne root as the Spanish estopa T'herc is a Spanish saying: "No bastan estopas parc tapar tartas beas" (caulking is not enough to stop so many mouths).And, precisely, estoppel is the conclusion reached by operation of law because the act or conduct of a person "stoppeth his mouth" to allege or assert the auth of a fact..,.[E]quitable estoppel ... appears to me almost sui generis of Anglo-American law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".