Coal regions in transition: the RHOMOLO-IO indirect jobs estimates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coal accounts for nearly a quarter of the total electricity production in the EU and provides jobs to around 240, 000 people in mines and power plants. The European Commission is working in order to ensure a smooth transition to cleaner forms of energy production and to implement innovative technologies such as carbon capture and storage to meet the commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 40% by 2030. There are currently around 200 coal-fired power plants in more than 100 NUTS-2 EU regions and over 120 mines in 41 regions employing almost 240, 000 workers in total. In 2017, the Platform for Coal Regions in Transition was launched to minimise the economic and social impact of decarbonisation. Reliable data are key for the management of the transition and estimates of the number of jobs indirectly related to coal activities are needed. This Policy Insight presents the indirect jobs estimated using the input-output (IO) data of the RHOMOLO-IO modelling framework. The estimates suggest that 215, 000 additional jobs can be potentially affected by the shift away from coal towards a low-carbon economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".