Proximal femur fractures among a medieval Christian population of northern Sudan: prevalence and aetiology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The current paper investigates the prevalence and aetiology of proximal femur fractures in two temporally distinctive groups of medieval Christian Nubia: the monastic community (ca. late 7th to half of 13th c. AD) and a later group of post‐monastic, intrusive interments (ca. 13th c. AD) from Cemetery 2 at Ghazali, northern Sudan. Four cases of proximal femur fractures were identified macroscopically among the skeletal remains of 86 adult individuals and subjected to detailed investigation of underlying aetiology due to the unusual demographic characteristics of the individuals. The proximal femora were subjected to radiographic examination and classification of trauma using the AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) system, and the prevalence of fractures was calculated. Among the 77 adult individuals examined from the Monastic Phase of Cemetery 2, three cases of hip fractures were identified, a prevalence of 3.9%, whereas only one was identified among the nine post‐monastic individuals, which accounts for 11.1% of the total sample. All of the recognized fractures belong to the extracapsular type. Analysis of the mechanisms of fracture in the four studied individuals from Ghazali, despite the relatively young age of male individuals, does not exclude osteoporotic background resulting in stress‐induced fragility trauma. Considering the demographic profile of the deceased and observed comorbidities, it is concluded that sustained fractures were the result of high‐impact injuries connected with demanding physical activity in the harsh Bayuda desert environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".