A Review of Established Accidentally-Introduced Noctuoidea in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America, with First Report of the Eurasian Cutworm Mesapamea secalis (L.) (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini) for North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Review of the literature and regional faunal lists identifies 14 species of Noctuoidea that are established in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of North America following non-deliberate introduction to the continent by man. The year that each species appeared in the region is estimated by literature review and search of regional museums. The source of each species and mode of introduction to the PNW are estimated, suggesting that over half of these species were first introduced to North America in the PNW and that most originate from western Eurasia (Europe). Their larvae are most commonly polyphagous, favoring forbs, but several recently introduced species eat grasses. Mesapamea secalis (L.) is reported for the first time for North America from southwestern British Columbia, Canada and western Washington, USA. The adults and genitalia of both sexes are described, illustrated, and compared to those of similar native species. The potential economic impact of M. secalis in North America is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".