SO078APABETALONE, A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITOR, REDUCES ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CVD PATIENTS, IN MICE, AND IN CELL CULTURE SYSTEMS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) independently predicts major adverse cardiac events (MACE) by contributing to vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction arising in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Apabetalone is an orally active inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins – epigenetic readers that modulate gene expression involved in vascular inflammation and calcification. Here we examined apabetalone’s effects on ALP post-hoc in recent clinical trials, then performed mechanistic studies into apabetalone’s impact on tissue non-specific ALP (TNALP) expression in mice and cell culture. Method Serum ALP was determined in CVD patients in phase 2 trials (3 month ASSERT and 6 month SUSTAIN & ASSURE) and in the phase 3 BETonMACE CVD outcomes trial, including subpopulations with CKD (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73m2). Apabetalone’s effect on expression of TNALP (gene symbol ALPL) was examined in mice, cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHH), HepaRG, HepG2, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and vascular endothelial cells by real-time PCR. TNALP protein levels were assessed by immunoblots and flow cytometry. ALP enzyme activity was measured in enzymatic assays. Results In phase 2 trials, baseline serum ALP independently predicted MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2, p=0.001). In the 3 month ASSERT trial, apabetalone dose dependently reduced serum ALP (p<0.001 vs placebo). Prominent reductions in ALP were apparent in patients on apabetalone (n=331) vs placebo (n=166) in combined analysis of the ASSURE & SUSTAIN trials (median % change -11 vs -3.2; p<0.001). In the subset with CKD, patients on apabetalone (n=69) had greater reduction in serum ALP than placebo (n=22; p=0.008). Strikingly, ALP reductions in phase 2 correlated with reduction in MACE (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44-0.77, p<0.001). Consistent with phase 2, BETonMACE saw serum ALP reduced by 6.8 U/L with apabetalone (n=1082) vs placebo (n=1070; p<0.001) at 24 weeks. At the conclusion of BETonMACE, fewer MACE occurred in the CKD subgroup with apabetalone (n=124) vs placebo (n=164; HR 0.50 95% CI 0.26-0.96 p=0.032). Neither apabetalone nor statins that control low-density lipoprotein cholesterol inhibited recombinant TNALP enzyme activity, implying that decreased serum ALP activity in patients reflected reduction in TNALP production rather than inhibition of the enzyme. Liver-derived TNALP accounts for ≈50% of circulating ALP. In the liver of mice on high fat diet, apabetalone or JQ1 (BET inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds) reduced Alpl mRNA (p<0.001) with corresponding trends in TNALP activity. In PHH, HepaRG, & HepG2 cells, apabetalone dose dependently suppressed ALPL expression by 60-80%. In HepG2 cells, apabetalone reduced TNALP protein (>55%, p<0.001), enzyme activity (> 40%; p<0.001), and % of TNALP positive cells (15-30%; p<0.001). MZ1, which promotes degradation of BET proteins, downregulated ALPL / TNALP similar to apabetalone. In VSMCs, apabetalone or JQ1 suppressed ALPL gene expression, TNALP protein levels, and enzyme activity, leading to decreases in extracellular calcium deposition. In addition, apabetalone downregulated ALPL expression in human aortic, umbilical vein, and brain microvascular endothelial cells by 50-70%. Conclusion Apabetalone lowers serum ALP in clinical trials, which is consistent with reduced hepatic production of TNALP - the most abundant ALP isoform. Further, apabetalone downregulates ALPL gene expression in vascular cell types while reducing calcification. Together, BET-dependent epigenetic modulation of ALP by apabetalone can affect several pathogenetic processes, and thereby improve cardiovascular outcomes. This study provides insights to the CVD event reductions observed in the CKD subpopulation in the BETonMACE Phase 3 trial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".