Experimental investigation of the internal tube flow effect on the vibration response of tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In shell and tube heat exchangers, tube bundles often fail due to flow-induced vibrations. In the current study, the vibration response of tubes, placed in the first and third rows of the tube bundle, has been examined having a normal triangular arrangement with a pitch-to-diameter (P/D) ratio of 1.44. Each tube was tested at three different internal flow velocities of 0.85, 0.9, and 1 m/s and five shell-side velocities ranging from 0.9 to 1.3 m/s with an increment of 0.1 m/s. This is the first experiment of its kind that offers insight into the vibration behavior of the glass tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger. Experimental analysis shows that tubes with internal flow vibrate with higher amplitudes than tubes without internal flow. Furthermore, the vibration amplitude of the tube tends to rise with increasing internal tube velocity, even for the same shell-side velocity. For the current range of shell- and tube-side velocities, with the internal flow from the tube, the hydrodynamic mass of the tube increases significantly with enhanced damping and contributes toward the stability of the tubes in cross-flow, the stability threshold is delayed and higher shell-side velocities are allowed to enhance the heat transfer rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".