SAXS signature of the lamellar ordering of ionic domains of perfluorinated sulfonic-acid ionomers by electric and magnetic field-assisted casting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At present, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of perfluorinated sulfonic-acid ionomers (PFSAs) are unable to fully determine the true shape of their building blocks, as recent SAXS modelling predicts disk- and rod-like nanoionic domains as being equally possible. This scenario requires evidence-based findings to unravel the real shape of PFSA building blocks. Herein, a SAXS pattern signature for a lamellar nanophase separation of the ionic domains of Nafion is presented, backed by mid and far infrared spectroscopy (MIR and FIR) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data of Nafion in different ionic forms, a broad range of ionic phase contents (EW ∼ 859-42 252 g eq-1) and temperatures. The study indicates that the lamellar arrangement of the ionic domains is the most representative morphology that accounts for the physical properties of this ionomer. The lamellar SAXS reflections of Nafion are enhanced in electric and magnetic field-aligned membranes, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electric and magnetic field-assisted casting of Nafion allowed producing nanostructured and anisotropic films with the lamellas stacked perpendicularly to the field vector, which is the direction of interest for several applications. Such nanostructured Nafion membranes are bestowed with advanced optical and proton transport properties, making them promising materials for solar and fuel cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".