Bioconjugation of Bacteriophage Pf1 and Extension to Pf1-Based Bionanomaterials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Filamentous bacteriophages such as M13 are an important class of macromolecular assembly, rich in chemical moieties that can be used to impart modifiable positions at the nanoscale. Objective: To explore the structurally more complex Pf1 bacteriophage with respect to a diverse set of bioconjugation reactions and to prepare novel fluorescently-labelled Pf1-based composite biomembranes for future applications in areas such as nanoporous filtration biofilms and photoconducting nanocomposite materials. Methods: Pf1 was characterized with respect to amine (N-terminal, Gly1 and Lys20), carboxylate (aspartate, glutamate), and aromatic (tyrosine) modification and its extension to the creation of functional biomaterials. Modification with an amine reactive fluorophore was carried out with Pf1. Results: The reaction profiles between M13 and Pf1 differ, with M13 capable of modification at two primary amines on its major coat protein, while Pf1 is capable of a single reaction per coat protein. Subsequent to the production of dye-functionalized Pf1, a biocomposite of wild type and functionalized Pf1 could be fabricated into a bulk material by glutaraldehyde (amine-reactive) crosslinking. These biomaterials were characterized by scanning electron and confocal microscopy, showing a distribution of patches of functionalized Pf1 within the main Pf1 construct. Conclusion: The current study provides a framework for future fabrication of advanced bionanomaterials based on the Pf1 bacteriophage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".