Injection of a heavy fluid into a light fluid in a closed-end pipe
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report experimental results on the injection of a heavy fluid into a light one in a closed-end pipe, inclined at intermediate angles. The injection of the heavy fluid is made using an inner duct with a smaller diameter than that of the pipe in which the light fluid is placed. The fluids used are miscible and Newtonian, and they have the same viscosity. Our observation shows that, during the removal/replacement of the light fluid by the heavy fluid, at least four distinct flow stages can be identified: (i) initial buoyant jet of the heavy fluid, (ii) development of a mixing region, (iii) slumping flow of the heavy fluid, and (iv) heavy fluid front reaching the pipe end and returning toward the mixing region. Using high-speed camera images along with the ultrasound Doppler velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence data, the flow characteristics in these flow stages are quantified, and they are described in detail vs the dimensionless groups that govern the flow dynamics, namely, the Froude number (Fr), the Reynolds number (Re), the Archimedes number (Ar), and the pipe inclination angle (β). While our findings are of fundamental importance, they can also be used to provide a fluid mechanics understanding of the dump bailing method in the plug and abandonment (P&A) of oil and gas wells.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it