Photon-counting computed tomography of lanthanide contrast agents with a high-flux 330-μm-pitch cadmium zinc telluride detector in a table-top system
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: We present photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) imaging of contrast agent triplets similar in atomic number (Z) achieved with a high-flux cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector. Approach: The table-top PCCT imaging system included a 330-μm-pitch CZT detector of size 8 mm × 24 mm2 capable of using six energy bins. Four 3D-printed 3-cm-diameter phantoms each contained seven 6-mm-diameter vials with water and low and high concentration solutions of various contrast agents. Lanthanum (Z = 57), gadolinium (Gd) (Z = 64), and lutetium (Z = 71) were imaged together and so were iodine (Z = 53), Gd, and holmium (Z = 67). Each phantom was imaged with 1-mm aluminum-filtered 120-kVp cone beam x rays to produce six energy-binned computed tomography (CT) images. Results:K-edge images were reconstructed using a weighted sum of six CT images, which distinguished each contrast agent with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of <0.29 % and 0.51% for the 0.5% and 5% concentrations, respectively. Minimal cross-contamination in each K-edge image was seen, with RMSE values <0.27 % in vials with no contrast. Conclusion: This is the first preliminary demonstration of simultaneously imaging three similar Z contrast agents with a difference in Z as low as 3.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it