Out-of-plane flexural testing and stiffness response of concrete masonry walls with NSM steel reinforcement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near-surface mounted (NSM) reinforcement is used to retrofit masonry structures for increased strength and resiliency; however, its application to new masonry construction remains largely unexplored. Four masonry walls measuring 3.2 m tall were constructed from hollow concrete blocks to assess the potential of NSM reinforcement to increase flexural stiffness. Two of the walls were reinforced conventionally, and two were reinforced with NSM bars. Each wall had a total area of steel reinforcement of 600 mm 2 and was loaded under conditions of third-point out-of-plane flexure. All four walls had similar flexural strength, ranging from 24 kNm to 26 kNm; however, the stiffness (determined using direct measurement of curvature, curvature calculated using conditions of equilibrium and compatibility, and the load displacement response) of the NSM reinforced walls was twice that of the walls with conventional reinforcement. The flexural stiffness of the masonry walls was underestimated by current Canadian design standards provisions under low out-of-plane loads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".