Catecholamines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Previous studies found inconsistent results regarding the relationship between AD and catecholamines, such as dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI). Our study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate previous studies’ results on this relationship. Method: Literature retrieval of eligible studies was performed in 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Psyc-ARTICLES). Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to assess differences in catecholamines between the AD groups and controls. Results: Thirteen studies met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the controls, significant lower levels of NE (SMD=-1.10, 95% CI: -2.01 to -0.18, p=0.019) and DA (SMD =-1.12, 95% CI: -1.88 to -0.37, p=0.003) concentrations were observed in patients with AD. No difference was found in EPI (SMD=-0.74, 95% CI: -1.85 to 0.37, p=0.189) between the two groups. Conclusion: Overall, these findings are in line with the hypothesis that reduced NE and DA may be an important indicator for AD. (Registration number CRD42018112816)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".