Methodology and Experiments to Determine Soot and NOx Yields from a Vertical Lab-Scale Flare Burning Alkane-Mixtures and Ethylene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species yields and combustion efficiency of lab-scale flares, turbulent non-premixed buoyant flames, were measured.A new facility was constructed allowing gas mixtures to be burned on 38.1 to 76.2 mm diameter flares at flow rates up to 410 standard litres per minute.A methodology was developed to quantify species yields and combustion efficiency within calculated uncertainties.Results showed combustion efficiencies greater than 97.8% in all cases, with up to 90% of the non-CO 2 carbon emitted as soot.Soot yields were heavily dependent on flare gas chemistry, ranging from an average of 7.34•10 -5 kg-soot/kg-flare-gas for methane tests to 1.20•10 -2 kg-soot/kg-flare-gas for ethylene tests.NO X data suggest that average mass yield per energy content of the flare gas is 3.76•10 -2 kg-NO X /GJ and is independent of exit conditions and fuel chemistry for the range of fuels considered.Results are compared with published soot and NO X emission factors and potential scaling methods are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".