Extreme lightwave electron field emission from a nanotip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on subcycle terahertz light-field emission of electrons from tungsten nanotips under extreme conditions corresponding to a Keldysh parameter K 10 -4 . Local peak THz fields up to 40 GV/m are achieved at the apex of an illuminated nanotip, causing subcycle cold-field electron emission and acceleration in the quasistatic field. By simultaneous measurement of the electron bunch charge and energy distribution, we perform a quantitative test of quasistatic Fowler-Nordheim tunneling theory under field conditions that completely suppress the tunnel barrier. Very high bunch charges of 10 6 electrons/pulse are observed, reaching maximum energies of 3.5 keV after acceleration in the local field. The energy distribution and emission current show good agreement with Fowler-Nordheim theory even in this extreme field regime. Application of this theory under such extreme THz field conditions predicts a single-shot electron energy distribution with a spectral purity reaching 10 -4 . THz field-induced reshaping and sharpening of the nanotip is observed, reducing the tip radius from 120 to 35 nm over roughly 10 9 THz shots. These results indicate THz-driven nanotips in the extreme field limit are promising electron sources for ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".