Bibliographic record
Abstract
Margaret L. King's Reformation Thought: An Anthology of Sources will prove useful for students taking an introductory class in early modern religious history.It provides excerpts from sources that are widely diverse in both time and geographical location, and considers the religious thought of humble folk as well as that of princesses, priests, nuns, and scholars.As King states in her introduction-outlining the major theme in her work-many different views made up early modern religious thought, and this diversity greatly affected the development of internal and individual faith.King provides her own translations for most texts and updates the language of English sources for modern audiences; this and other details demonstrate how well the anthology would suit an introductory course.She provides careful introductions for each excerpt that show how it fits in the larger work, and defines terms that students who have never studied religious history may not have encountered: "apostolic see, " for example, and Christ's "passion." In two other sources, she points out the difference between "theologian" and "philosopher, " and explains what it means to be "elect, " each time demonstrating not only the essential meaning of such terms but how they are applied.Forty-one different authors are included in this anthology, a remarkable feat for a book of fewer than 230 pages.Each of the ten chapters has a particular theme, and the sources are arranged chronologically within it.The first chapter discusses the vital concepts of sola scriptura, sola fide, and the individual's ability to develop a relationship with God without the church acting as an intermediary.The second and third chapters expand on the rejection of the church as the ultimate authority, using sources that protest against indulgences, the cult of the saints and the failure of the clergy to live up to their calling.Chapters 4 and 5 continue to emphasize the rejection of the old ways, and also begin to consider the role of the state in religion.These chapters include excerpts from the works of major Reformation figures such as Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, Martin Bucer, and Theodore Beza.They provide a good overview of the development of Protestantism, in all its manifestations, during the sixteenth century.They are accompanied by sources
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".