Income Diversification Among Rural Households in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam: A Look Back at the Economic Transition Period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on five Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMSs) conducted over a thirteen year period (1993 to 2006), this paper examined patterns of income diversification in rural areas of the Mekong River Delta (MRD). In terms of quintile specific patterns, over the period 1993-2006, across all quintiles there is a sharp reduction in the time spent on farm self-employment (9.4 to 20.7 percentage points) and an increase in the share of time spent on non-farm wage employment (11.3 to 14.3 percentage points). While there are differences across quintiles, the patterns are broadly similar across expenditure groups and it does not seem that the increase in non-farm wage employment is restricted to particular groups of households. As may be expected given the changes in the activity-allocation pattern, over time, there is an increase in reliance on non-farm wage income by about 6.4 to 11.4 percentage points across quintiles. The interesting aspect is that while households in the poorest income quintiles still continue to rely heavily on agriculture related income (61.2 versus 39.9 percent for the richest quintile) they experience similar patterns of change in terms of a movement from relying on farm income to non-farm sources of income.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".