Taxonomic changes in mountain zooplankton communities over a 50-year period reveal a loss of calanoid copepods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historical species datasets are key to evaluating community responses to long-term environmental change. Yet, ecological studies related to assessing species diversity are often dominated by spatial scales, with less attention dedicated to temporal applications. The main goal of my research was to determine whether crustacean zooplankton communities in 64 lakes along a 1400-m elevation gradient across the Canadian Rocky Mountains have shifted between 1966 and 2017. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis of two measures of community change revealed that cladocerans showed greater taxonomic turnover at lower elevations, while their species richness remained relatively static over time. In contrast, copepods showed a temporal decline in species richness and limited turnover along the elevation gradient. An evaluation of colonization and extinction rates, as related to the Island Biogeography Theory, provided further insight into these patterns. Cladocerans displayed offsetting colonization and extinction events, thereby maintaining relatively constant species diversity. In contrast, copepods did not show compensatory dynamics in that extinction rates exceeded colonization rates, rendering communities less species-rich over time. Further, an analysis of body size revealed the decline in copepod richness may be best explained by the loss of large-bodied calanoids through relatively higher extinction rates across the entire study region. My findings highlight how the survivorship of calanoid copepods may be compromised due to poor dispersal potential, mate limitation and lack of tolerance to increased environmental temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".