Integrated UV–H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and biological treatment processes for the removal of cationic surfactant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfactants are widely used for industrial and domestic purposes although these chemicals are potentially harmful to the environment. This research work reports the degradation of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Ctab), a representative cationic surfactant present in waste waters, using an integrated ultraviolet (UV)–hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and biological treatment process. The toxicity of raw Ctab and partially (50%) UV–hydrogen peroxide-treated Ctab samples were analysed using zebra fish as the model organism. The LC50 values of raw and 50% degraded Ctab samples at 24 h exposure were found to be 4.89 and 2.13 mg/l, respectively, and these indicated that partially degraded Ctab samples were less toxic. The biodegradability index of the degraded samples was found to increase along with the amount of UV–hydrogen peroxide treatment. The treatability of degraded Ctab solution was studied in an aerobic sequential batch reactor (bioreactor) for different sludge ages. The biokinetic parameters (k S, k, Y and K d) for the partially degraded sample were evaluated using a modified Monod equation. The study indicated that the partially advanced-oxidation-process-degraded Ctab samples can be effectively removed by a biological process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".