<scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp> conversion through combined steam and <scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp> reforming of methane reactions over Ni and Co catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ni‐Co bimetallic and Ni or Co monometallic catalysts prepared for CO 2 reforming of methane were tested with the stimulated biogas containing steam, CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , and CO. A mix of the prepared CO 2 reforming catalyst and a commercial steam reforming catalyst was used in hopes of maximizing the CO 2 conversion. Both CO 2 reforming and steam reforming of CH 4 occurred over the prepared Ni‐Co bimetallic and Ni or Co monometallic catalysts when the feed contained steam. However, CO 2 reforming did not occur on the commercial steam reforming catalyst. There was a critical steam content limit above which the catalyst facilitated no more CO 2 conversion but net CO 2 production for steam reforming and water‐gas shift became the dominant reactions in the system. The Ni‐Co bimetallic catalyst can convert more than 70% of CO 2 in a biogas feed that contains ~33 mol% of CH 4 , 21.5 mol% of CO 2 , 12 mol% of H 2 O, 3.5 mol% of H 2 , and 30 mol% of N 2 . The H 2 /CO ratio of the produced syngas was in the range of 1.8‐2. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy of the spent catalysts revealed that the metallic sites of Ni‐Co bimetallic, Ni and Co monometallic catalysts after the steam reforming of methane reaction with equimolar feed (CH 4 :H 2 O:N 2 = 1:1:1) experienced severe oxidation, which led to the catalytic deactivation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".