Supernova Muons: New Constraints on Z′ Bosons, Axions and ALPs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A bstract New light particles produced in supernovae can lead to additional energy loss and a consequent deficit in neutrino production in conflict with the neutrinos observed from Supernova 1987A (SN1987A). Contrary to the majority of previous SN1987A studies, we examine the impact of Z′ bosons, axions, and axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the muons produced in SN1987A. For the first time, we find constraints on generic Z′ bosons coupled to muons, and apply our results to particle models including gauged L μ −L τ number, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , and gauged B − L number, U(1) B−L . We constrain Z′ bosons with masses up to about 250 − 500 MeV, and down to about 10 − 9 in Z′ -muon coupling. We also extend previous work on axion-muon couplings by examining the importance of loop-level interactions, as well as performing calculations over a wider range of axion masses. We constrain muon-coupled axions from arbitrarily low masses up to about 200 − 500 MeV, with bounds extending down to axion-muon couplings of approximately 10 − 8 GeV − 1 . We conclude that supernovae broadly provide a sensitive probe of new lightly-coupled particles interacting with muons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".