Editorial: The Polish State from the Fall in the 18th Century to its Reconstitution in the First Quarter of the 20th Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Polish state was founded in the second half of the 10 th century, the symbolic birth being the date the first recognized ruler, Mieszko I (960) assumed the throne or the date of baptism of Poland (966).Despite various ups and downs, as well as more serious political transformations (feudal fragmentation in the 12 th -14 th century, Polish-Lithuanian union from the 14 th -18 th century), Poland survived as a state until its liquidation as a result of three partitions forced by its neighbors: Russia, Prussia and Austria (1772, 1793, 1795)1 and the abdication of the last ruler, King Stanisław August Poniatowski (25.11.1795).This act is considered the fall of Poland as a state (disappearance of organs exercising sovereignty).The partitions were based on international agreements between the partitioners, then striving to legitimize them by compelling Poland to accept the first two (in the Sejms (Polish parliament) of 1773 and 1793, respectively, and in bilateral international agreements with Russia, Austria and Prussia from 18.9.1773,and with Russia and Prussia, respectively from 1 According to J. Makowski, Prawo międzynarodowe [International Law], Warszawa 1922, p. 94, the partitions were initiated by the King of Prussia, Frederick II.The powers recognized that the territorial benefits of one of them must be offset by the benefits obtained by the others.However, Austria did not participate in the second partition of Poland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".