Red and White Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Differences in the Transcriptome Profile of Muscle, Liver, and Pylorus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Astaxanthin (Ax), the main carotenoid responsible for the distinct red flesh color in salmonids (Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, Salmo, and Parahucho), is added to the diet of farmed fish at a substantial cost. Despite the great economical value for the salmon industry, the key molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of muscle coloration are poorly understood. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) represent an ideal model to study flesh coloration because they exhibit a distinct color polymorphism responsible for two color morphs, white and red flesh pigmented fish. This study was designed to identify the molecular basis for the development of red and white coloration of fish reared under the same experimental conditions and to better understand the absorption mechanism of Ax in salmonids. Pyloric caeca, liver, and muscle of both groups (n = 6 each) were selected as the most likely critical target organs to be involved respectively in the intestinal uptake, metabolism, and retention of Ax. Difference in the transcriptome profile of each tissue using next-generation sequencing technology was conducted. Ten KEGG pathways were significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes between red and white salmon pylorus tissue, while none for the transcriptome profile in the other two tissues. Differential expressed gene (DE) analyses showed that there were relatively few differences in muscle (31 DE genes, p < 0.05) and liver (43 DE genes, p < 0.05) of white and red Chinook salmon compared approximately 1125 DE genes characterized in the pylorus tissue, with several linked to Ax binding ability, absorption, and metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".