Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2, a SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, Is Upregulated by Interleukin 6 through STAT3 Signaling in Synovial Tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread explosively worldwide and resulted in a pandemic of a new respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, malaise, cough, and in severe cases, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome1,2. Coronaviruses possess envelope-anchored spike proteins that bind host cell surface receptors that then initiate viral entry into target cells. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, its spike protein mediates binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor3. While ACE2 expression levels are relatively low in the airway mucosa and lungs, this protein is predominant in the stomach, intestines, gall bladder, kidney, and heart4. Therefore, in patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected not only in nasal and oral swabs but also in rectal samples; viral RNA has also been detected in blood samples5. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by systemic synovitis and affects about 1% of the world population. The expression pattern of ACE2 in synovial tissues has not yet been reported, although patients with RA seem to have the same chance of contracting COVID-19 as anyone else6,7,8. In this study, we investigated ACE2 expression in the synovium and its regulatory expression mechanism. Details of … Address correspondence to Dr. S. Mokuda, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan. Email: sho-mokuda{at}hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".