Human bone mesoscale 3D structure revisited by plasma focused ion beam serial sectioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Visualizing bone mineralization and collagen microfibril organization at intermediate scales between the nanometer and the 100s of microns range, the mesoscale, is still an important challenge. Similarly, visualizing cellular components which locally affect the tissue structure requires a precision of a few tens of nanometers at maximum while spanning several tens of micrometers. To address this issue, we employed a plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) equipped with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to sequentially section nanometer-scale layers of demineralized and mineralized human femoral lamellar bone over volumes of approximately 46 × 40 × 9 μm 3 , and 29 × 26 × 9 μm 3 , respectively. This large scale view retained high enough resolution to visualize the collagen microfibrils while partly visualizing the lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) in three-dimensions (3D). We showed that serial sectioning can be performed on mineralized sections, and does not require demineralization. Moreover, this method revealed ellipsoidal mineral clusters, noted by others in high resolution studies, as a ubiquitous motif in lamellar bone over tens of microns, suggesting a heterogeneous and yet regular pattern of mineral deposition past the single collagen fibril level. These findings are strong evidence for the need to revisit bone mineralization over multi-length scales. Graphical Abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".