Imaging Phospholipid Arrangement in Pultonary Surfactant Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lung surfactant stabilizes the pulmonary air-water interface, by enriching this interface with films of amphipathic phospholipids. These films reduce the surface tension of the air-water interface to very low values (∼ 1 mN/m) at end expiration and prevents alveolar collapse. Surfactant contains mainly phospholipids (90%), and small amounts of associated proteins. Among the phospholipids, saturated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine are the main surfactant components, although significant amounts of other lipids are also present (1). DPPC is the only component of surfactant which exists in gel phase at physiological temperature, films of which can reduce the air-water surface tension to low values. DPPC films can undergo a fluid to gel transition with increase in the molecular packing leading to superstructures or domains (2). However it is not clear how the molecules of surfactant pack at the air-water interface to form highly compact films, and if DPPC phase segregate in such films.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".