Markedly increased prevalence of migraine headaches in adolescents with bipolar disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is substantial evidence of increased prevalence of migraines, and negative psychiatric correlates of migraines, in adults with bipolar disorder (BD). Given the paucity of data on this topic in youth, we investigated the prevalence and correlates of migraine in a large sample of adolescents with BD. METHOD: The study included 165 adolescents with BD-I, -II, or -not otherwise specified (NOS), diagnosed via the KSADS-PL semi-structured interview, and 89 healthy controls (HCs). Non-migraine headache and migraine headache was evaluated using the validated ID-Migraine 3-item screener. RESULTS: Although the prevalence of non-migraine headaches did not differ between adolescents with BD (24.2%) and HCs (32.6%; P = .15), migraine was significantly more prevalent among adolescents with BD (38.2%) compared to HCs (3.4%; adjusted odds ratio 14.76, 95% confidence interval 4.39-49.57; P < .001). Within BD, migraine was associated with female sex, BD-II/-NOS subtype, less severe worst past functioning, higher past depression severity, higher self-reported affective lability, higher body mass index, and less use of lithium and second-generation antipsychotics. DISCUSSION: Migraine is much more prevalent among adolescents with BD compared to HCs; the magnitude of this association exceeds what has been reported in adult samples. Correlates of migraine in youth BD are similar to those found for adults, including the link with the depressive polarity of BD. Future prospective studies are warranted to evaluate temporal associations between migraine and mood symptoms, and to evaluate neurobiological and cardiovascular underpinnings of these associations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".