Effect of a multi-citrus extract-based feed additive on the survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following challenge with Lactococcus garvieae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance have generated a considerable interest in the search for alternative environmental-friendly approaches. This study was aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of a multi-citrus extract-based feed additive (Biocitro ® ) against some fish pathogens, as well as evaluate its capacity to protect rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) to lactococcosis. A broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Biocitro ® , and the results showed a strong antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida , Lactococcus garvieae and Yersinia ruckeri with MIC values of 2.0 µg/mL. Afterwards, rainbow trout juveniles were fed a Biocitro ® -enriched diet (750 mg/kg feed) at a daily rate of 1.5% body weight for 4 weeks, then they were challenged with L. garvieae by the cohabitation method. At the end of the experimental period, fish treated with Biocitro ® showed significantly (P < 0.001) improved protection against L. garvieae compared to control fish. Although further studies are needed to understand how Biocitro ® increases rainbow trout resistance to L. garvieae , this feed additive could be considered as a useful alternative to chemotherapeutic treatment in aquaculture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".