Graphene-Oxide-Modified Metal-Free Cathodes for Glycerol/Bleach Microfluidic Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycerol is an abundant, inexpensive fuel for miniaturized fuel cells with practical power output. Glycerol electrooxidation is coupled to a cathodic reaction, usually oxygen reduction on noble-metal-based catalysts. However, the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction on nonprecious metal catalysts has limited its applications. Here, we propose the use of hypochlorous acid (HClO from bleach) as a potential liquid oxidant and graphene oxide (GO)-modified carbon paper as a metal-free cathode. GO with high oxidation levels is synthesized and used for in situ flowing deposition on a carbon paper cathode. This unique GO deposition method leads to a homogeneous “blanket” coverage of the wetted fibers exposed to the flow, increasing the active surface area by 3.8 times. The prototype mixed-media microfluidic fuel cell with electrodes in a flow-through configuration featuring glycerol electrooxidation coupled to HClO reduction on GO-modified carbon paper shows 1.72 V open-circuit voltage, 354 mA cm–2 maximum current density, and 110 mW cm–2 peak power density. This unprecedented performance proves that a well-designed in situ electrode modification can be applied to reach high power density without the use of noble metals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".