Clinical spectrum and prevalence of congenital heart disease in children in Botswana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reliable data on congenital heart disease (CHD) from diverse settings is important both for planning health systems in each country and to elucidate possible aetiologies of CHD in different settings. There is a lack of data on the clinical spectrum and prevalence of CHD in Botswana. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical spectrum and prevalence of CHD in Botswana. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study of all children from birth to 15 years who had had an echocardiogram performed as an in- or out-patient at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012. RESULTS: Of 377 enrollees, 140 (40%) had normal echocardiographs, 170 (45%) had CHD, and 57 (15%) had an acquired lesion. In the CHD patients, median age was 0.9 years (Q1: 0.2, Q3: 4.1) and 85 (50%) were male. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) (29%), patent ductus arteriosus (18%), atrio-ventricular septal defect (AVSD) (10%) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (6%) were the predominant pathologies. VSD was the most common acyanotic lesion and TOF the most common cyanotic lesion. The estimated prevalence of CHD was between 2.8 and 4.95 per 1 000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical spectrum of CHD in Botswana is similar to that observed in other African countries and in the Western world, with VSD the most common acyanotic lesion and TOF the most common cyanotic lesion. The prevalence of CHD was 2.8-4.95 per 1 000 live births, in keeping with other settings. This is the first study to describe CHD in Botswana, and it aimed to stimulate subsequent studies in this field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".