Smooth Pursuit And Saccadic Eye Movements Following Years Of Contact Collision Sports: A Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Repetitive head impacts (RHI) are the result of a blow to the head that does not elicit clinical signs or symptoms of a concussion. Recent evidence suggests that RHI from a single season of collegiate football can lead to a reduction in midbrain white matter integrity. The midbrain carries projecting fibers to the trochlear and oculomotor nerves, which if damaged may impair oculomotor control. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate oculomotor function following multiple years of Division I contact sports during a dynamic visual acuity (DVA) task. METHODS: Two NCAA Division I football defensive backs with no diagnosed concussion history (a first-year freshmen [F1; age=18 years], senior [S1; age=21 years]) and a healthy control (CON; age=23 years), all with lower than 20/20 vision, completed a DVA task at pre-season. For the DVA task (optotype spatial range=1.0 to -0.3), participants were asked to complete 60 randomized trials of smooth pursuit (30°/s) and saccades (150°/s). Participants head were stabilized in a chin rest at a distance of 154cm away from the 26° visual field monitor (165Hz, 2560 x 1440 pixel resolution, 300 cd/m2 luminance) while wearing a head-mounted binocular video oculography eye tracker (Eyelink SR research, 500 Hz, Ottawa, CN). Using a 2-up-1-down staircase method, participants tracked a Landolt-C ring that moved across the screen (horizontally left to right) where the size of the gap in the C along with the orientation (left, right, up or down) adjusted based on the correct/incorrect responses during both smooth pursuit and saccadic trials. Smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) velocity gain and saccadic peak velocity were calculated using ternary eye movement classification from the transformed spherical coordinates via a custom MATLAB code (MATLAB 2019a, Natick, MA, USA). No statistical analysis were performed given the single-subject design. RESULTS: SPEMs gain is lower for S1 (0.88) when compared to F1 (0.82) and CON (0.92). Similarly, during the saccadic trials, S1 had slower average saccadic peak velocity (S1=279.75°/s; F1 =392.34°/s; CON=491.96°/s). CONCLUSIONS: These results may indicate that engaging in contact collision sport for 2+ years at the Division 1 level may result in less accurate (lower SPEMs gain) and slower saccadic eye movements. Supported by NIH P20GM103650
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".