Eco-Friendly Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Using Waste-Marble Powder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With several countries halting coal combustion in favor of clean and renewable energy production, there is need for alternative mineral additions that can substitute for fly ash in concrete and bring about similar benefits. This study explores using waste-marble powder (WMP) as an economical and eco-friendly method for controlling the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Reactive aggregates were used with WMP from the local marble industry (Pakistan) at various proportions ranging from 5% to 50% by cement mass. Strength activity index and thermal analysis tests were performed to examine the mechanical strength and hydration kinetics in mortar mixtures incorporating WMP. ASR expansion in mortar incorporating reactive aggregates decreased owing to WMP addition and was lower at 28 days than the limit of 0.20% for mixtures incorporating 30% or more WMP given in current standards. Whereas control specimens without WMP incurred surface microcracking due to ASR, specimens incorporating WMP remained intact. Scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed reduction of ASR in specimens with WMP. Thus, it can be envisioned that using WMP as partial cement replacement creates an added-value application for an otherwise landfilled by-product and reduces harmful emissions from cement production, with the further advantage of mitigating ASR in concrete structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".