Differences In Left Ventricular Twist In Elite Short And Long Distance Swimmers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling is influenced by sport-specific exercise characteristics, such as the isometric and isotonic components of the activity. Differences in cardiac dimensions and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function have been observed between short- (SS) and long-distance (LS) swimmers. Intensity and duration specific adaptations in LV mechanics may help to explain these differences in global function. PURPOSE: To examine whether there are event-specific differences in LV twisting mechanics between elite SS and LS athletes. METHODS: Data were collected during the 2019 FINA World Championships. SS were identified as competing in pool events ranging from 50-400m; LS were identified as open water swimmers competing in events 5-25 km. Fourteen SS (7 males; 23±4 years; 100% identified as white) and 14 sex, age and ethnicity matched LS were selected for comparison. Echocardiography was performed in the left lateral decubitus position following 10 minutes of rest. Parasternal short axis images at the level of the mitral valve and apex were analyzed using speckle-tracking software and post-processed in custom software to normalize the temporal sequence of heart rate. RESULTS: Data are presented as mean ± SD for LS vs. SS. Athletes had a similar body surface area (1.92 ± 0.15 vs. 1.94 ± 0.18 m2, P=0.76), resting heart rate (52 ± 10 vs. 54 ± 8 bpm, P=0.54), years of event-specific training (11 ± 6 vs. 14 ± 5 years, P=0.21), and weekly training duration (25 ± 5 vs. 22 ± 5 hours/week, P=0.15). Peak LV twist (13.8 ± 3.5 vs. 12.7 ± 5.0 deg, P=0.49) and peak LV twist normalized to LV length (1.7 ± 0.5 vs. 1.6 ± 0.6 deg/cm, P=0.67) were similar between groups. Time to peak LV twist (94 ± 4 vs. 98 ± 4 % systole, P=0.006) and time to peak LV untwisting rate (9 ± 4 vs. 12 ± 3 % diastole, P=0.03), were faster in LS, while time to peak twisting rate was also trending to be faster in LS (56 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 10 % systole, P=0.06). CONCLUSION: In swimming, event distance appears to influence the temporal sequence of LV mechanics at rest with faster twisting and untwisting rates occurring in swimmers who train and compete in longer-distances. The relationship between these observations and global systolic and diastolic function warrants investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".