Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay as an Early-Warning Tool for Detecting Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Incursions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire), is the most destructive invasive insect species of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. An accurate method for early detection of this noxious insect pest is indispensable to providing adequate warning of A. planipennis infestation. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay (EAB-LAMP) was developed based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The EAB-LAMP required only 30 min at 65°C to amplify A. planipennis DNA from specimens collected from geographically distinct locations. There was no cross-reactivity with other Agrilus and insect species. The developed EAB-LAMP differentially detected traces of A. planipennis genome (COI) within frass from various Fraxinus species. EAB-LAMP was also able to distinguish among A. planipennis DNA and other Agrilus species and nontarget insect species in trap captures. By detecting A. planipennis DNA in two additional trap captures (in situ), the EAB-LAMP was more sensitive and reliable than visual inspection. We tested the quantitative nature of the assay by evaluating pooled trap samples and demonstrated that the EAB-LAMP was capable of functioning optimally using a pool size of at least five individual trap samples. This potentially circumvents the need to perform large-scale individual analysis for processing trap samples. Considering its performance, specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, the developed EAB-LAMP could be a valuable tool to support strategy and operation of large-scale surveillance for A. planipennis and could profitably be used in routine monitoring programs for effective management of A. planipennis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".