Experimental performance study of a hybrid compressed air‐electric vehicle prototype
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, the prototype of a new hybrid compressed air‐electric vehicle is developed, analyzed, built and tested. The system consists of a novel hybrid electric‐compressed air system integrated with phase change materials for energy recovery in the heat exchanger. Three different phase change materials (PCMs) of polyethylene glycol, paraffin, and alkane mix are investigated for heat recovery purposes in the prototype where the paraffin option provides better results. The experimentally investigated system is a novel, hybrid‐type pneumatic vehicle (compressed air and electric in a hybridized manner) prototype which has been built and tested in the laboratory at the Ontario Tech. University in Oshawa. The experimental tests are performed for the hybrid air system integrated with a PCM heat exchanger and a supplementary battery power of 1.68 kW (with an actual turbine work rate of 1.43 kW). The total work output by four air and electric motors is 23.12 kW which is found to be sufficient for the powertrain of a small‐size city vehicle. The energy efficiency for the system is found to be 65.0% while the exergy efficiency is 57.0% for a common driving range of 131 km which is considered a kind of acceptable driving range for commercial pneumatic vehicles. Furthermore, this type of prototype is expected to offer a good marketing opportunity with a generated shaft work of 23.12 kW, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".