Vertical Heat Fluxes beneath Idealized Sea Ice Leads in Large-Eddy Simulations: Comparison with Observations from the SHEBA Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Large-eddy simulations (Δ x = Δ z = 1 m) are used to examine vertical ocean heat fluxes driven by mechanical and buoyancy forcing across idealized sea ice leads. Forcing parameters approximate conditions from a shear event during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment in March 1998. In situ measurements near the lead showed isopycnal displacements of 14 m and turbulent vertical heat fluxes up to 400 W m −2 , both of which were attributed to a strong cyclonic stress curl localized along the lead axis. By contrast, the large-eddy simulations show cyclonic shear across the lead to produce no turbulence, with vertical heat transport instead related to an overturning cell that connects a broad upwelling near the lead to downwelling farther away. Anticyclonic forcing produces an opposite-signed overturning cell, but with an intense, narrow downwelling jet and strong turbulent heat fluxes (~100 W m −2 ) near the lead. For both signs of curl, domain-integrated heat transport due to the overturning cells is somewhat larger than the turbulent heat flux, the latter being confined to the vicinity of the lead. Buoyancy forcing related to sea ice formation in the lead was found to increase both the turbulent and the cell-related heat fluxes (by up to 50% and 10%, respectively). Vertical isopycnal displacements for the upwelling case were found to increase linearly with the strength of the forcing. Possible reasons for the discrepancies with the observations include finer scale variation in the surface ocean stress and turbulence associated with the formation of a ridge during the shear event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".