Diurnal and crepuscular activity during fall migration for four species of aerial foragers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most migratory birds, particularly passerines or songbirds, migrate at night. However, diurnal migration has many benefits, including the ability to use a fly-and-forage migration strategy that allows an individual to refuel while migrating. Despite these benefits, very little research has been undertaken on diurnal migrants, including aerial foragers, who can refuel on the wing. In this study, we use the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to examine the timing of Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia), Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), and Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) movements during fall migration. Using these data, we confirm the “common knowledge” that these species of aerial foragers are diurnal migrants. During fall migration, 88.2% detections across all species were during the day, and the remaining detections were during civil twilight (range of sun elevation angles: –5.4° to 0°). Most of the detections during the day were consistent with migratory movement, and most detections during civil twilight were consistent with movements to and from communal roosts. Collectively, these results indicate that during fall migration, these 4 swallow species migrate during the day and, like other aerial foragers, may use a fly-and-forage migration strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".