Structural Integrity of Bolted Glulam Frame Connections Reinforced with Self-Tapping Screws in a Column Removal Scenario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of glulam beam-to-column bolted connections subjected to monotonic loading in a column removal scenario. Eight test groups, each including four replicates of a wood-steel-wood glulam bolted connection configuration, were experimentally examined. The connections in four test groups were reinforced perpendicular to wood grain with self-tapping screws (STS). Test results showed that in the event of a column removal, the connections behaved as semirigid connections with considerable moment-resisting capacity, unlike typical beam-to-column timber connections that are assumed to be perfectly pinned. Experimental results also revealed that increasing the number of bolt rows from two to three rows, with each row having two bolts, increased the moment-carrying capacity of both unreinforced and reinforced connections with increments greater than those obtained by increasing the bolt end distance from four to five times the bolt diameter. Most importantly, STS-reinforced glulam connections manifested considerably increased moment-carrying capacities compared to the respective unreinforced connections by a factor ranging between 1.30 and 2.4. This has proven the ability of such glulam frame connections to redistribute the applied load and successfully transfer it to adjacent structural elements in case of column removal that could be caused by fire, explosion, or accidental damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".