Filtrates and sludge generated in the physicochemical treatment of wastewater from the lead-acid batteries production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Total lead (TPb) exists in Crude Wastewater (CW) from production of Lead-Acid Batteries (LABs) in water (WPb) and solid phase (SPb) as colloids and suspended solids. Sludges produced in chemical treatment of these wastewater were dewatered in Chamber Pressure Press (CPP). Samples of dewatered sludges (Ss) were analyzed with Toxicological Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) to determine concentration of Pb in the extract (Ex(TCLP)). Selected sludges were also analyzed using Tessier’s procedure for fractions. Concentration of lead in filtrates (Fs) as well as in the sludges were different, depending on the mechanisms involved in converting soluble lead to its less soluble forms. Sludges produced in chemical treatment with 10% NaOH and Lime Milk (LM), CaO or Ca(OH)2, followed by coagulation with (Ixonos Na3T ®) contained lowest concentration of lead. The TPb in filtrates below 0.4 mg/L at pH > 8.90±0.3, and Ex(TCLP) of less than 5.0 mg/L were obtained in this treatment. Potential recovery of lead from sludges have been investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".