Characterizing Degradation in Non-aqueous Vanadium(III) Acetylacetonate Redox Flow Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed study characterizing the degradation of non-aqueous vanadium flow batteries under moisture-free conditions is presented. Despite assembly and operation in an inert glovebox, rapid cell failure is still observed. The capacity loss is attributed to a combination of electrolyte degradation and increased cell impedance. Cyclic voltammetry verifies the formation of VO(acac) 2 within the positive electrolyte, while Raman spectroscopy reveals the formation of additional degradation products in the negative electrolyte. Scanning electron micrographs and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the growth of a surface film on cycled electrodes harvested post-mortem, particularly in the negative half-cell. The appearance of the surface film is correlated with electrochemical impedance measurements, which indicate a dramatic increase in charge-transfer resistance post-cycling. The individual electrode contributions to the total cell impedance are resolved post-mortem. It is determined that even when great care is taken to exclude water from the system, the stability of the non-aqueous vanadium flow battery is limited by degradation processes occurring at the negative electrode. Furthermore, the lifetime is not noticeably enhanced, compared to earlier studies where moisture was present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".