Structural evaluation of invert-cut circular and arch shape corrugated steel pipes through laboratory testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Culverts are important components of highway infrastructure. They are structurally designed to support earth and live traffic loads. Corrugated steel pipes (CSPs) are widely used as culverts in North America in different geometries. However, due to the corrosive nature of the stormwater passing through the culverts, it is common to find CSPs with partially or entirely lost inverts. Dependent on site, depth of cover and embedment conditions, invert deterioration would not necessarily result in culvert failure. This paper presents the results of a laboratory testing campaign that evaluates the structural capacity of two circular CSPs and their equivalent arch CSP through the application of a vertical static loading. The circular pipe samples had a length of 6 ft (1.82 m) and a diameter of 60 in. (1.52 m). The same length arch pipe sample had a span of 71 in. (1.8 m) and a rise of 47 in. (1.19 m). The invert of the arch and one of the circular CSPs were cut to simulate heavily corroded culverts in service. The pipe samples were embedded under two feet (0.6 m) of cover using one foot (0.3 m) of sand and one foot (0.3 m) of coarse aggregates on top, simulating a base course layer of pavement. The results of testing showed that the invert-cut circular CSP was highly dependent on its ring stiffness. While, the invert-cut arch CSP took advantage of its arch geometry and was able to resist the applied load without significant loss in the sample pipe’s horizontal dimension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".