Conversion of Bicarbonate to Formate in an Electrochemical Flow Reactor
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction studies typically supply CO2 to the cathode as a gas or dissolved in aqueous media. Both of these feedstocks present challenges when scaling a CO2 electrolyzer: gaseous CO2 feedstocks require significant energy to pressurize CO2, while the low solubility of CO2 in water precludes high current densities. Using a liquid bicarbonate feedstock bypasses the need for a gaseous CO2 feedstock while delivering higher concentrations of CO2 to the cathode than currently possible with CO2 dissolved in water. We show here that an electrochemical flow cell can be designed such that protons convert bicarbonate into CO2 (at the catalyst interface), which is then reduced to generate formate. Electrolysis of 3.0 M KHCO3(aq) solutions yield formate at partial current densities > 100 mA cm–2, which is nearly commensurate with electrolyzers fed with gaseous CO2. The use of bicarbonate as a feedstock presents an opportunity to efficiently integrate carbon capture with CO2 electrochemistry.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it