Conversion of Bicarbonate to Formate in an Electrochemical Flow Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrochemical CO 2 reduction studies typically supply CO 2 to the cathode as a gas or dissolved in aqueous media. Both of these feedstocks present challenges when scaling a CO 2 electrolyzer: gaseous CO 2 feedstocks require significant energy to pressurize CO 2, while the low solubility of CO 2 in water precludes high current densities. Using a liquid bicarbonate feedstock bypasses the need for a gaseous CO 2 feedstock while delivering higher concentrations of CO 2 to the cathode than currently possible with CO 2 dissolved in water. We show here that an electrochemical flow cell can be designed such that protons convert bicarbonate into CO 2 (at the catalyst interface), which is then reduced to generate formate. Electrolysis of 3.0 M KHCO 3(aq) solutions yield formate at partial current densities > 100 mA cm –2, which is nearly commensurate with electrolyzers fed with gaseous CO 2 . The use of bicarbonate as a feedstock presents an opportunity to efficiently integrate carbon capture with CO 2 electrochemistry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".