Autonomy and Relatedness During the Preschool Period: An Examination of Parent-Child Interactions Within and Across Cultures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis explores parents’ promotion of both autonomy and relatedness in their interactions with their preschool children. In particular, it examines these behaviours in contexts beyond those that have been the traditional focus of research to date: mothers living in the Western world. To achieve this, a novel coding system was developed for observations of parent-child interactions: the Cross-cultural Observations of Parents Interacting with Children (COPI-C) Coding System. Using the COPI-C, the first study of this thesis explores mothers’ autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours from a cross-cultural perspective by comparing samples of Canadian mothers and Singaporean mothers. In contrast, the second study explores autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours from an intra-cultural perspective by comparing samples of Canadian mothers and fathers from the same families. Importantly, in addition to describing cross-sample differences in autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours, both studies also examine the theoretical correlates of these behaviours (i.e., socialization goals, the child-parent attachment relationship, children’s socio-emotional functioning) and how context (either culture or gender) might moderate these associations. In Study 1, results identified several differences between Canadian and Singaporean mothers, with Canadian mothers generally displaying greater autonomy-promoting behaviours and Singaporean mothers generally displaying greater relatedness-promoting behaviours. Singaporean mothers tended to endorse greater interdependent socialization goals, but cross-sample differences in socialization goals did not account for cross-sample differences in maternal autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours. Still, several autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours showed differential associations with child outcomes across cultural contexts: some behaviours predicted positive child outcomes in one context, but not the other. In Study 2, results identified several differences between Canadian mothers’ and fathers’ autonomy- and relatedness-promoting behaviours. Furthermore, parents’ interdependent socialization goals varied as a function of an interaction between parent gender and child gender. Together, the studies presented herein highlight the importance of considering the socio-cultural context in understanding parent-child interactions and their developmental correlates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".