Mixing, stratification, and plankton under lake‐ice during winter in a large lake: Implications for spring dissolved oxygen levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mixing and stratification present under ice‐covered lakes during winter can potentially influence the oxygen concentrations in the subsequent spring. During winter, plankton rely on updrafts caused by convection to remain in the photic zone and perform primary production. Thus, there is a crucial link in winter between under‐ice light levels, circulation, and dissolved oxygen (DO) production. Detailed observations of temperature, oxygen, and incoming solar radiation over three winters between 2015 and 2017 suggested that plankton abundance and DO concentrations were maximal near the end of the winter before the ice melted when there was increased under‐ice light and convection. DO was supersaturated by the end of the severe winter of 2015 when the ice cover duration was the longest. In comparison, DO increased but was not saturated in the warmer winters of 2016 and 2017. The spring overturn started when the water column became isothermal and continued until when the mean water column temperature first exceeded 4°C, at which time, hypolimnetic DO depletion started and continued until the fall overturn. The concentration of DO when the water column becomes stratified in spring, along with the timing of the end of spring overturn, are both important initial conditions for summer DO concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".