TREE SPECIES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC AND DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The objective of this study was to explore the use of multi-source remotely sensed data for individual tree species. To achieve this, a neutrosophic logic-based method was developed for tree species classification using the combined spectral, textural and structural information derived from WorldView-2 (WV-2) multispectral bands, WV-2 panchromatic band, and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)-derived canopy height model (CHM), respectively. The developed method was tested on the data obtained over the Keele campus, York University, Toronto Canada and the KNN (K Nearest Neighbour) classification method. Twenty-one spectral, three textural and three structural features were used to classify five species (Norway maple, honey locust, Austrian pine, blue spruce, and white spruce). For this study, 522 trees were used for training and 223 for testing. The overall classification accuracy obtained by the proposed method was 0.82. It was significantly improved compared with the KNN (0.73), weighted KNN (0.76), and fuzzy KNN (0.75) methods. In addition, Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory was explored to perform information fusion at the decision level in comparison to that at the feature level. The accuracies obtained by the fusion at the decision level were generally lower than those at the feature level. Even though promising results based on the neutrosophic logic were obtained during this proof-concept stage, studies are underway to perform more tests with a large number of tree crowns and more species and exploit other classification methods, such as support vector machine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".