The systematical detection and structure characterization of vanadium‐oxygen species in low concentration solutions by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy experiments and density functional theory calculations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vanadium–oxygen species are very harmful to the environment and human health, and also some vanadium–oxygen species have good biological and biomedical effects to human beings. Thus, the study of vanadium–oxygen species is very significant. The types of V–O species are very complex. So far, however, the various structures of V–O species cannot be identified clearly. In this work, the surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to study vanadium–oxygen species in aqueous solution directly. The SERS spectra with high enhancement factor (EF) and detail information were obtained by the enhancement substrates such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), Ag mirror, the Au‐deposited Pt electrodes, and rough Au electrodes. The structures of vanadium‐oxygen species in solutions with different concentration and pH had been well‐characterized firstly by the combination of SERS experiments with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work will promote the basic study of the V–O species, and it is also a promotion for the SERS and analytical chemistry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".