Carbon dioxide emission from monogenetic volcanoes in the Mt. Changbai volcanic field, NE China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A systematic investigation along with field measurements were performed at the Mt. Changbai volcanic field on the border between China and North Korea from June to September in 2016, with respect to geological sources of degassed CO2 and its relationship with fluids between the monogenetic and polygenetic volcanoes. Our estimates indicate that the flux of CO2 degassing from the polygenetic and monogenetic volcanoes in the Mt. Changbai volcanic field is 1.8 × 105 t/yr, which corresponds to the middle level of CO2 output from volcanic fields in the world. The flux of CO2 degassing from the soil shows a decreasing trend with distance from the Tianchi polygenetic volcanic caldera. Temporal variations of contrast value in the Tianchi polygenetic volcanic caldera and peripheral areas are more conformable than those in the monogenetic volcanoes. Based on the analysis to the soil CO2 fluxes, we propose that monitoring CO2 fluxes in the polygenetic volcanic caldera and peripheral areas would provide useful information about the local volcanic activity, especially in dormant volcanoes like the Tianchi polygenetic volcanic caldera. Other CO2 flux measurement sites not only related to the Tianchi caldera area should also be selected for future volcanic monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".